The 150th anniversary of President-Elect Lincoln‘s tense arrival in Washington has provoked several evocative blog posts.

Ted Widmer, director of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University, provides a comprehensive decscription about Lincoln’s travels for the “Disunion” blog at the New York Times. Through several posts (see especially 2/10, 2/21 and 2/22) Widmer traces the route from Springfield to Washington and illustrates the ups and downs of the emotional journey. Though Lincoln never wrote about this trip, his secretary John Nicolay conveyed the following:

“It is hard for anyone who had not had the chance of personal observation to realize the mingled excitement and apprehension, elation and fatigue which Mr. Lincoln… underwent… during this memorable trip from Springfield to Washington.”

Historian Harold Holzer also authored a vivid post for “Disunion” on the anniversary of the President-Elect’s arrival in Washington. Holzer gathers inspiration from the close parallels between Lincoln’s trip and President Obama’s recent pre-inaugural journey. However, he says, “Most Americans overlooked a critical historical irony.” President-elect Obama enjoyed record-breaking crowds on the way to his inauguration while president-elect Lincoln was met by a single friend. “Lincoln made the final leg of his journey in total secrecy,” Holzer writes, “in the dead of night, disguised to avoid detection and at one point sleeping near a woman who was not his wife.”

In a news feature by Brady Dennis re-posted within their own Civil War blog series, The Washington Post compares the nation’s capital from 1860 to city it is today.  See  “President-elect Lincoln arrived to a less-than-monumental Washington.”

Lincoln re-enactor Fritz Kelin actually took the train ride again from Springfield to Washington.  See the article “Abraham Lincoln”  here with a funny video account here.

Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest

The Sons of Confederate Veterans’ recent proposal for a Mississippi state-issued license plate in honor Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest, who was also an early leader of the Ku Klux Klan, has become the issue of considerable national attention. This controversy has been heightened with the refusal of Governor Haley Barbour to publicly denounce the group’s proposal.

Forrest is a controversial figure in American history; praised by some as a military genius and vilified by others for leading an 1864 massacre of black Union troops at Fort Pillow, Tennessee, and for his position as the grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan following the war.

When he was asked about his stance, Governor Barbour replied: “I don’t go around denouncing people. That’s not going to happen. I don’t even denounce the news media.” He went on to add; “I know there’s not a chance it’ll become law.”

On Penn State’s blog of the Civil War Era, Sean Trainor, weighed in with a passionate response. “This should not be, and it cannot be,” he said, “We cannot allow [the] approval… of remembering so odious, so miserable, so unforgivable a figure as Nathan Bedford Forrest.” Trainor characterizes Forrest as a man who earned his fortune in slave trade, who led a massacre of surrendered African-American troops, and the person who ended his “illustrious personal history” as the Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan.

He went on to say: “Forrest’s memory is… offensive… to all Americans. No amount of military ‘genius,’ no feat or maneuver on a battlefield near or far will make Forrest anything more than what he was: a grim manifestation of America’s most hateful legacy and the author of countless sorrows.”

Bloggers who defend the Sons of Confederate Veterans have shared their opinions in defense of the proposal. In a blog posted on “The Confederate American” website entitled “Nathan Bedford Forrest: Civil Rights Pioneer,” supporters express the belief that Forrest’s name has been unjustly tarnished by the evolving impressions of the Ku Klux Klan and false accusations about his actual involvement.

“As usual, the NAACP and the news media are attempting to shape opinions rather than impartially relay facts.” These supporters state that Forrest distanced himself from the Klan once it became a purely racial organization, and went on to embrace a “radical” doctrine that was “light years” ahead of other measures of the day, even in the North. They support this with quotes from a speech that Forrest is said to have made to a prominent civil rights group at the time.

“The good name of General Nathan Bedford Forrest should not be allowed to be falsely demeaned by those with a leftist ‘politically correct’ agenda. On the contrary, he must be remembered as a civil rights pioneer who tried his best to head off the over 100 years of racial strife that followed the War Between the States.”

One hundred fifty years ago today the Charleston (SC) Mercury published part of New York City Mayor Fernando Wood’s speech that he gave during President-Elect Abraham Lincoln’s visit in late February 1861. Lincoln had left his home in Springfield, Illinois on February 11 for Washington DC. On the way he stopped at a number of cities, including Albany, Cleveland, Columbus, Indianapolis, Pittsburgh, and Philadelphia. While Lincoln arrived in New York City with his wife on February 19, he did not meet with Mayor Wood until the afternoon of February 20. The Charleston (SC) Mercury described “Mayor Wood’s address of welcome to the Abolition President” as “too good to be lost.” As Lincoln entered “office with… a disconnected and hostile people to reconcile,” Wood told the President-Elect that “it will require a high patriotism and an elevated comprehension of the whole country and its varied interests, opinions and prejudices to so conduct public affairs as to bring it back again to its former harmonious, consolidated and prosperous condition.” In addition, Wood warned that “[New York’s] material interests are paralyzed” and “her commercial greatness is endangered.” Yet Wood also supported southern Democrats and he wanted the crisis to be resolved through compromise. Wood noted that he expected Lincoln to use “peaceful and conciliatory means” to ensure the “restoration of fraternal relations between the States.” Lincoln responded the same day to Wood’s remarks, noting that “there is nothing that can ever bring me willingly to consent to the destruction of this Union.” The following day Lincoln left for Trenton, New Jersey. You can read more about President-Elect Lincoln’s journey from Springfield to Washington, DC in Harold Holzer’s Lincoln: President-Elect (2008).

Noted blogger (and teacher) Kevin Levin recently had a feisty post about Abraham Lincoln on the president’s 202 birthday that complained about a BBC plug for yet another a forthcoming Lincoln documentary.    Quoting from the press materials –“150 years after the war his reputation is being re-assessed, as historians begin to uncover the dark side of his life and politics” — Levin responds, in mock disgust, “Give me a break.”  He points out that Henry Gates did the same sort of video a few years earlier and “did a much better job.” The next day in his “Civil War Memory” blog, Levin asked the provocative question:  “Should Descendants of Confederate Soldiers Celebrate Lincoln’s Birthday?” His answer … yes.

Ted Widmer provides an elegant account of Lincoln’s actual 52d birthday on February 12, 1861 in the New York Times blog “Disunion.”  President-Elect Lincoln began the day in Indianapolis and ended up in Cincinnati where he received “a magnificent ovation.”  Widmer calls it a “good day,” before noting poignantly that on that same day, Lincoln friend and political advisor Norman B. Judd received a letter from detective Allan Pinkerton warning  that there was “a plot on foot to assassinate Mr. Lincoln” in Baltimore.

The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library & Museum has a relatively new blog about Lincoln and his times called, “From Out of the Top Hat,” and while they somehow skipped an entry on Lincoln’s birthday (huh?), scholar / bloggers Richard Wrightman Fox and Tom Schwartz had two excellent posts this past week about Lincoln’s “boyishness” and a little known sketch from the pre-inaugural train ride.

We were proud here at House Divided Project on Thursday when another image from that ride appeared in the Washington Post‘s Civil War blog series.  They used a vivid Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper image of Lincoln meeting New York politicos on February 20, 1861 courtesy of our research engine.

On a less scholarly note, many blogs devoted to Hollywood noted this past week that actress Mary Elizabeth Winstead (pictured above) has signed on to play Mary Lincoln in the forthcoming feature film, “Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter.”  No doubt, Todd family descendants are pleased.  Not sure how Lincoln himself would have responded.

News coverage of the Civil War anniversary spiked this week as various groups commemorated 150 years since Jefferson Davis’s swearing-in as Provisional President of the Confederacy on February 18, 1861.  USA Today offered a thoughtful overview of the tensions underlying the impending anniversaries in a piece entitled, “Across the South, the Civil War in an Enduring Conflict,” February 17, 2011.  After noting that Davis’s parade route in Montgomery, Alabama in 1861 was also near the spot where Rosa Parks refused to accept segregated bus seating in 1955 and thus helped spark the modern-day civil rights movement, USA Today correspondent Rick Hampson calls the area, “the Jerusalem of Southern memory.”  Hampson then solicited a wide range of provocative comments from scholars such as David Blight and James Loewen and activists such as Mark Potok from the Southern Poverty Law Center and Tom Strain from the Sons of Confederate Veterans before reaching the startling conclusion that, “In some ways, Americans are more divided by the war on its 150th anniversary than they were on its 100th in 1961.”

Bob Martin, editor of the Montgomery Independent, provided a commentary on this division in a column that was published online by a local newspaper in Alabama.  In the column, “We can’t change history, but can attitudes,” Martin argues against what he calls attempts in the South to ignore the painful conflict, pointing out, “those who want to honor the history of their ancestors who served their country from 1861-65 are due the same respect as those in the union states who wish to do likewise.”

From the other side of the country, the Colorado Statesman, a weekly non-partisan newspaper, launched a sesquicentennial column this week by amateur historian Patrick Teegarden (and self-described “expatriate of the Border State of Maryland”).  Teegarden also commented on the ongoing divisions over commemoration and announced his plans to sketch out the history of the conflict on a regular basis.

The BBC provided their own summary of this unfolding debate in an online feature from February 18, “Civil War: Southerners Remember Confederate President,” that quotes historians such as Eric Foner and Joshua Rothman, analyzing the continuing arguments over slavery and its role in causing the war.

On a local level, the National Civil War Museum in Harrisburg celebrated its 10th anniversary on Wednesday evening, February 16.  Former mayor Steve Reed received an award from The Pickett Society for his “devotion to historical correctness” and the Patriot News reported that the “media came loaded with questions.”  The focus, however, was not on the historical Civil War, but rather on the modern-day conflict that has ripped Harrisburg apart during the previous year as the city teeters near bankruptcy.  Reed refused to comment on the struggles of current mayor Linda Thompson, trying his best to steer the attention to the wonderful museum which he helped found.

Just 150 years ago today on Saturday afternoon, February 16, 1861, President-Elect Abraham Lincoln met twelve-year-old Grace Bedell on a train platform in Westfield, New York.  Showing off his new facial hair, he kissed the young girl and reportedly said, ““You see I have let these whiskers grow for you, Grace.”

If you know this story, then you’re either a Civil War buff or a very attentive sixth-grader.  The year before Grace Bedell had written presidential candidate Abe Lincoln (whom she addressed as “Hon. A.B. Lincoln”) in October 1860 from her family’s temporary residence in upstate New York, inquiring whether Lincoln had any daughters before urging him to “let your whisker grow” since “your face is so thin.”  This is a charming story that many elementary school teachers describe in their classrooms because it conveys such an important message about empowerment. Young Grace had an endearing, childlike candor (“answer this letter right off” she wrote in closing) that apparently ignited the bored candidate’s fancy because he responded within days.  “I regret the necessity of saying I have no daughters,” Lincoln replied, adding, “As to the whiskers, having never worn any, do you not think people would call it a piece of silly affectation if I were to begin it now?”  The famous letters, however, have never before been exhibited in public until 2009 when they were brought together by the Library of Congress in an exhibition that is currently traveling around the country.

In Lincoln’s era,  presidential candidates almost always stayed home and avoided making public statements.  It was considered undignified and un-republican to seek the presidential office.  Obviously a few things have changed, but at least one political truth has endured.  Image mattered just as much then as now.

Most school children hear this much of the Lincoln-Bedell story at least once during their academic careers, and every Lincoln scholar knows about it.  But until recently, nobody really believed there was any more to the relationship.  After the war, Grace Bedell married a Union army veteran named George Billings.  The couple moved to Kansas and forged a life on the western prairie.  They had one son and no daughters. Every so often until her death in 1936, Grace Bedell Billings would make an appearance, consent to an interview, or respond to some new correspondent seeking details about her encounter with Lincoln.  Yet the gun-toting homesteader seemed mostly indifferent to her recurring fifteen minutes of fame.  Grandson George Billings wrote to Time magazine shortly after her death, thanking the editors for orchestrating a dramatization about her experience with Lincoln, and claiming credibly that one of her favorite expressions had always been, “I dislike making a fuss.”  Today, Billings descendants are trying to raise funds to preserve her former home in Delphos, Kansas.

This effort received a boost in 2007 when a diligent Lincoln researcher named Karen Needles discovered a new letter from Grace Bedell to President Lincoln that was written in January 1864 and somehow had gotten overlooked in the voluminous files of the National Archives.  “Do you remember before your election receiving a letter from a little girl residing at Westfield in Chautauqua Co. advising the wearing of whiskers as an improvement to your face,” Bedell asked, before informing the president in firm, clear handwriting, “I am that little girl grown to the size of a woman.”  Young Grace had grown but her characteristic brashness remained.  Reminding the president that he had signed his previous letter to her, “Your true friend and well-wisher,” Bedell asked, “Will you not show yourself my friend now?”  It turned out that she wanted a job, but her reason was quite poignant.  “My Father during the last few years lost nearly all his property,” she confided, “and although we have never known want, I feel that I ought and could do something for myself.”  She had heard about “a large number of girls” who were “employed constantly and with good wages at Washington cutting Treasury notes and other things pertaining to that Department.”  She wondered, “Could I not obtain a situation there?”  The appeal closed by noting that her parents were “ignorant of this application” and gently pointing out that she had sent an earlier query to him that had gone unanswered.  “Direct to this place” was the line that closed Grace Bedell’s third letter to Abraham Lincoln.

She never heard back from the president and never once mentioned this application in any of her post-war accounts.  Yet there is some reason to believe that President Lincoln did respond to Grace’s request by writing to her parents directly.  There have been many children’s books written about Grace Bedell, and most are inconsequential, but there has been one serious historical account produced by Fred Trump, a native of Westfield who ended up settling in Salina, Kansas, not far from the Billings farm in Delphos.  That coincidence apparently drove Trump, a retired Department of Agriculture official, to prodigious effort in his research.  He turned up many local accounts that appear nowhere else but in his 1977 book, Lincoln’s Little Girl.

Toward the end of his book, Trump relates how some members of the Bedell family claimed that President Lincoln tried to adopt Grace during the war.  The author quoted from multiple accounts produced by a woman named Jennie Macomber, who had been a little girl herself in Westfield in 1860 and who later befriended members of the Bedell family.  She recalled how they told her that the president had written Grace’s father during the war “and offered to adopt her as his own daughter.”  Trump believed Macomber’s story, and corroborated it as much as he could, but also dutifully quoted several Lincoln experts who coolly dismissed the tale as “embroidery.”  The late Roy P. Basler, editor of Lincoln’s Collected Works, informed Trump, “The Abraham Lincoln papers include no correspondence between Lincoln and the parents of Grace Bedell. The collections in this division are not known to contain any information corroborating this story.”

That was in 1977.  But in 2007, there appeared this newly discovered letter that does offer at least some corroboration of the old family gossip.  After reading the 1864 letter from Grace, it is easy to imagine that Abraham Lincoln responded to the story of the Bedell family’s financial struggles with a direct appeal to Grace’s father.  The president might well have offered to have the young woman live in the White House while she worked as one of the war’s many Treasury Department girls.  Too proud to admit his financial reversals, businessman Norman Bedell either declined or just ignored the unexpected offer. What seemed fanciful to Roy Basler, now appears more reasonable given this new letter.     Of course, the irony is that like so much else in history, with more information, our certainty about the past suddenly seems far less secure.

New York “is one of the most unhealthy cities on the globe” and, as the Lowell (MA) Citizen & News explained in March 1859, “the unhealthiness of the city” had once again “attract[ed] the attention of the legislators at Albany.” Two years later the situation in that city had not improved. After the health officer for New York City released a report in early 1861, James Gordon Bennett’s New York Herald examined several of “the secret sources of excessive disease and death.” The Herald believed that while their city was “naturally more healthy than” any other one in North America, they noted that the “excessive mortality” rate did not reflect that fact. While the “filthy conditions” was an obvious “source of mortality,” other important factors included the lack of vaccination. The Herald argued that the city should follow the example of other countries like Sweden and enact “a compulsory law for vaccination.” If “the vaccination [for smallpox] has been perfectly performed,” the Herald explained that “the mortality is found to be uniformly reduced to less than one in every two hundred cases.” Immigrants were also identified as a cause of the “excessive mortality.” “Most of the children who die under one year of age are the offspring of foreigners” who had “recently arrived” in the United States, as the Heraldclaimed. Other factors included abortions through “violent means” and those “killed…by quack medicine.” Yet not all cities faced this kind of health crisis. An editorial in the Cleveland (OH) Herald was optimistic as the city’s mortality rate had declined even as the city’s population increased. “The introduction of pure water in unlimited quantity has doubtless had much to do with the improved sanitary condition of the city,” as the Cleveland Herald explained.

Soldier Studies is a free online database that contains over 1200 Union and Confederate soldiers’ letters between 1860 and 1865. Each soldier has a profile with key biographical information and links to all of their letters in the collection. Some profiles also include photographs and short essays about the soldier. For example, Soldier Studies has four letters by Henry H. Hitchcock, who served in Company A of the 12th New York. In June 1861 Hitchcock’s regiment was in Washington DC. After he saw the “post office, treasury building, White House, Smithsionian Institute, [and] the Washington Monument,” Hitchcock explained that he “never saw too much before in so short a time” and “had no idea of the splendor of the public buildings here.” You can also browse this collection by subject, search by keyword, or see the full list of soldiers’ who have profiles. Check this page for the latest updates to the site. In addition, Soldier Studies has several resources available for teachers, such as the “American Civil War Soldier WebQuest.” The site also has a collection of articles on a number of different topics, including “Caring for the Men: The History of Civil War Medicine” and “Civil War Pensions.” Soldier Studies was created by Chris Wehner, a high school history teacher in Colorado, and Devin Watson.

On July 13, 1865 P. T. Barnum’s American Museum in New York City burned down and the Lost Museum’s interactive online exhibit allows you to figure out who is responsible for the crime. Before you start the investigation, it helps to watch the video introduction or at least read this overview of the exhibit. (You can also just skip the mystery part and explore the 3-D museum). The American Social History Project at the City University of New York Graduate Center launched the site for use in the classroom and teachers can pick from a number of different activities, such as “The Path to War?,” “John Brown, Violence, and Social Change,” and “The Debate Over Women’s Roles in Public.” In addition, the Lost Museum Archive has a number of different types of primary sources available – these include those related to the “Sectional Crisis,” “Amusement Devices,” “Civil War in New York City,” and “Tom Thumb.” The essays are also important since they help put Barnum’s museum in context – see especially “Barnum’s American Museum,” Ann Fabian’s “Women in P. T. Barnum’s New York City,” and Peter G. Buckley’s “Urban Popular Culture in the Age of Barnum.” Each essay includes links to relevant primary sources. This website was produced in collaboration with the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University, which created other digital history resources such as “Exploring U. S. History,” “Virginia 400,” and “Historical Thinking Matters.” You can learn more about the city in Ernest A. McKay’s The Civil War and New York City (1990).

One way to keep up with the 150th anniversary of the Civil War is through the Washington Post’s Civil War twitter account. Every day they tweet details on events that occurred 150 years ago. As Mississippi seceded on January 9, 1861, the Washington Post noted “Miss secedes: ‘Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery — the greatest material interest of the world.’” Unfortunately the tweets with quotes are not linked to any sources. The Washington Post also has created several other features for the 150th anniversary, including a “Timeline: The Road to Civil War” and a photo gallery on “Washington, D.C.: 1860 and today.” In addition, the Washington Post’s “A House Divided” blog includes posts by Civil War historians on a variety of topics as well as announcements on events related to the 150th anniversary. Harold Holzer, Chandra Manning, and Frank Williams have discussed in recent posts the reasons why President-Elect Abraham Lincoln was silent after his election. Other interesting posts include Gary Gallagher and David Blight on “Could the war have been prevented?” All of the Washington Post’s features on the Civil War are available on this page.