The following newspaper articles provided key source material for the 1853 Palmyra Stampede narrative:

“Runaway Negroes,” Palmyra, MO Whig, November 3, 1853, reprinted in St. Louis, MO Democrat, November 7, 1853 (Newspapers.com)

“CLEAR THE TRACK!––THE TRAIN IS COMING!,” Chicago Tribune, November 7, 1859 (Newspapers.com)

 Quincy, IL Whig, November 21, 1853 (Quincy Newspaper Archive)

 “Marion Association,” Hannibal, MO Courier, January 12, 1854 (19th Century US Newspapers)