The Shelling of Carlisle occurred on July 1, 1863, even as the Battle of Gettysburg raged to the south.

Alabama soldier Elihu Wesley Watson arrived in Carlisle, Pennsylvania in the summer of 1863 as part of the Army of Northern Virginia’s shocking invasion of Pennsylvania –the one that culminated with the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863).  While he was on brief occupation duty in Carlisle at the end of June, Private Watson spent some time talking to the president of Dickinson College (Herman Johnson), a man he then described in a subsequent letter as “an unmitigated abolitionist and a bitter enemy to the south,” with “principles… as bad as Wm. H Seward’s.” Watson’s fascinating account from the occupation of Carlisle was not an isolated bit of first-hand testimony.  While often overlooked in classroom studies of the great battle, the primary sources describing the days leading up to confrontation at Gettysburg offer rare and very teachable glimpses into the nature of the war and especially into a deeper understanding of the interactions between Confederate soldiers and Northern civilians.

For this post, I have assembled available digitized primary sources from the House Divided Project, the Dickinson College Archives, the Cumberland County Historical Society and from my book, The Confederate Approach on Harrisburg (2012). Featured below are accounts that describe a series of little-known skirmishes and events from the 1863 invasion, including the Confederate occupation of Carlisle. Of special interest are the stories of Samuel Hillman, a Dickinson professor who debated Confederate officers about slavery, and recollections from Dickinson alumni and Confederate officers Richard Beale and Richard Shreve who were among the Confederate troops responsible for shelling Carlisle on the evening of July 1-2.  I created this post originally in the summer of 2018, but we will keep adding materials to it as they become available.  Feel free to make your own suggestions or contributions using the comment box (“Leave A Reply”) below.

Primary Sources – Skirmishes 

Construction of the defenses near Harrisburg (Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, July 4, 1863, House Divided Project)

Confederate Occupation of Carlisle – June 27-28, 1863

• Campbell Brown account (Confederate Staff Officer)
• Samuel Dickinson Hillman account (Dickinson professor) – account for The Methodist, July 18, 1863
• Charles Himes Letter and Diary (Civilian)
• Jedediah Hotchkiss Letter (Confederate map-maker)
• Henry London recollection (32nd North Carolina)
• Robert Park recollection (12th Alabama)
• Leonidas Polk Letter (43rd North Carolina)
• Confederate Supply Requisition, June 27, 1863
• “General Orders No. 72” posted in Carlisle, June 27-30, 1863
• William J. Underwood Letter (4th Georgia) – camps on the Dickinson College campus (Atlanta History Center)
• Elihu Wesley Watson Letter (6th Alabama) – mentions “a long conversation” with Dickinson College President Herman Johnson
• Young Girl’s Pocket Diary, June – July, 1863, CCHS (transcribed by Frank Kline) –The unknown young girl wrote on Monday, June 29 that, “The Rebels are going in every house and stealing all they can”

Confederates in York and Wrightsville – June 27-30, 1863

• Maj. Gen. Jubal Early’s memoir (Confederate)
• Newspaper account of the occupation of York (Civilian)

Battle of Sporting Hill – June 30, 1863

• George Wingate (Union)
• Report of Landis’s Philadelphia Battery (Union)

Shelling of Carlisle – July 1-2, 1863

• Richard L.T. Beale profile and account (Confederate, Dickinson Class of 1838)
• George W. Beale (son of RLT Beale) letter (Confederate)
• Theodore S. Garnett account (Confederate)
• Report of Landis’s Philadelphia Battery (Union)
• Fitzhugh Lee (Confederate)
• Anna Fosdick recollection (Civilian)
• Charles Godfrey Leland memoir (Union)
• Isaac Harris diary (U.S. Sanitary Commission) – took shelter “under the lee of the jail wall” during the shelling
• C. Stuart Patterson account (Union) – wounded during the shelling
• Charles Schaeffer Diary (Union)
• Richard Southeron Shreve account (Confederate, Dickinson Class of 1860)
• John Keagy Stayman letters (Civilian) – Dickinson College as a hospital
• George Wingate (Union)

A Confederate artilleryman, Richard Southeron Shreve (Class of 1860), “pointed out the various localities” in his old college town for Confederate cannons to aim at. (House Divided Project)

Primary Sources – Union

• “A Word to Pennsylvania”: New York Times column criticizing Pennsylvanians’ response to the invasion.
• Isaac Harris diary (U.S. Sanitary Commission)
• John Lockwood memoir (23rd New York State National Guard)
• George Wingate history (22nd New York State National Guard)
  

  Union militia camped near Fort Washington, the defenses of Harrisburg. (Cumberland County Historical Society)

Primary Sources – Confederate

• “Gen. Jenkins’ Brigade” Newspaper account (Chronicling America)
• Herman Schuricht Diary (14th Virginia Cavalry)
• William Sillers Letter (30th North Carolina Infantry)

Primary Sources – Civilian

• Anonymous Letter from Cumberland County resident
• “Behavior of Our Citizens Under Rebel Fire” – Carlisle Herald account
• “Boyhood Memories of the Civil War” – James Sullivan account
• “Citizens of the Cumberland Valley” – recruitment poster, July 3, 1863
• Culver Family Correspondence – Hanna Culver’s July 9, 1863 letter detailing the occupation and shelling, and her brother Joseph Culver’s letter of concern for their father.
• Mary Johnson Dillon – (daughter of Dickinson College President Herman Johnson)
• George Chenoweth Letter – Carlisle civilian’s account
• Conway Hillman letter – son of Prof. Samuel D. Hillman, recalls the summer of 1863
• Jacob Hoke – Chambersburg civilian
• “Rebel Occupation of Carlisle” – Carlisle newspaper account
• Thomas Griffith Letter – Carlisle civilian
• Theodore M. Johnson account – (son of Dickinson College President Herman Johnson)

The National Park Service boasts an intricate online archive containing regimental information on soldiers and sailors on both sides of the Civil War. Over 6.3 million servicemen can be looked up by name, regiment, or battle via an easy-to-use search engine. One can also look up by state the total amount of soldiers that have been archived.  The site also links to academic projects such as Howard University’s  Black Sailors Research Project.

Along with the individual soldiers, the online archive includes over 4,000 Union and Confederate regiments with links to 364 principal battles that took place during the conflict.

This site is one of the best online resources for anyone looking to find information on a specific soldier or sailor that took part in the Civil War. In combination with the millions of documents pertaining to their regiments and actions,  this site deserves a look regardless of the topic.

Duke University’s Sallie Bingham Center is an invaluable resource for studying the life and culture of American women. While the collection covers a broad range of topics on all aspects of women’s history, its strength is in Southern women and there are a great deal of resources pertaining specifically to the 19th century. This page features an extensive list of the primary sources that the collection has relating to domestic and social life in the 19th century.  Any one of these collections of family correspondence and diary entries could be useful in understanding the cultural and domestic context to the Civil War, but many have not yet been archived online. The resources that can be accessed online now are found here. Other collections relating explicitly to the Civil War period can be found on the subject guides page. Hopefully the Center will continue to provide more digital resources so that the documents in this collection can be accessed by a wider audience.

Understanding family life in the 19th century necessitates a look at what was popular with children at the time.  This website, put together by an English professor at West Chester University, lists periodicals for children published in the nineteenth century, each of which includes a chronological list of its important articles and links to a digital copy.  The magazine Youth’s Companion (which has also been digitized here) covers the most extensive range of topics, with many articles imparting a moral lesson.  There are some very interesting articles from the war period to be found as well.   Other publications worth noting for their relevance to the circumstances of the Civil War are the Student and Schoolmate, The Slave’s Friend, and The Little Corporal.  These primary resources make a great addition to a classroom discussion of the nineteenth century from the perspective of children.

No activist of the Underground Railroad served longer or with more distinction than Levi Coffin. Coffin was raised in the Quaker enclave in Guilford County North Carolina, where in 1819-1820 he helped to organized the only documentable UGRR operation beyond the upper South. From then until about 1850, Quakers with the assistance of local African Americans, including at least one slave “Hamilton’s Saul” — who chose to remain enslaved in order to help others to freedom — dispatched fugitives overland with Quaker emigrants to Indiana. Coffin himself moved to Indiana in the 1820s, where he organized another efficient underground organization, which funneled “passengers” north toward Detroit. In the 1840s, Coffin moved again, to Ohio, where he built an effective UGRR in Cincinnati. In all, Coffin, who at the end of his life chronicled his is experiences in a book, his “Reminiscences”, estimated that he had assisted as many as 1,000 escaped slaves to freedom.

Another major Underground figure is David Ruggles, who was born free in Connecticut, and in the 1830s created the UGRR in New York City. Ruggles was a remarkably bold and confrontational man, who repeatedly challenged the authorities in a city where collaboration among slave hunters, police and the courts was tragically rife. Indeed, New York then was far from progressive in its politics, which generally were aligned with the slave-holding South, since the city’s economy depended significantly on Southern trade. The city was a slave hunter’s paradise, where recaptures were tragically common. Ruggles was himself targeted by slave hunters on at least one occasion, and barely escaped. He also received in his home the fugitive Frederick Bailey, whom he sheltered and dispatched to safety in New Bedford, MA: There Bailey changed his name and became the man we know as Frederick Douglass.

George de Baptiste, like Ruggles, embodied the bold personality and deft political skills that characterized many AFRICAN-American leaders of the UGRR. Born free in Virginia, trained as a valet and barber, he was also a successful member of the black middle class of his time. He eventually settled in Madison, IN, where in the 1840s he helped organize an all black UGRR operation which reached into Kentucky, and assisted fugitives northward until it was penetrated and destroyed by pro-slavery agents in the late 1840s. de Baptiste escaped to Detroit, where he helped create the mosty efficient UGRR operation west of the Appalachians.

The three characters I would teach – given very limited time – would be, of course, Harriet Tubman, William Still, and Thomas Garrett. These three people were incredible forces on the UGRR as individuals and as accomplices and colleagues. Harriet Tubman tapped into Thomas Garrett’s and William Still’s extensive and sophisticated UGRR network that encompassed not only Garrett’s home state of Delaware, but Tubman’s Maryland stomping ground, as well as Virginia and North Carolina. Garrett is credited with aiding in the escape of approximately 2700 fugitives over a forty year period to the Civil War. Tubman, 70 or so friends and family from the Eastern Shore of Maryland between 1850 and 1860; and William Still, as Secretary of the Philadelphia Vigilance Committee during the 1850s, assisted at least 2000 runaways. Their powerful networks of agents, conductors, and station masters extended all the way from slave territory to Pennsylvania, New York, New England and Canada. There are so many personal stories you can share with your students that involve these three historical figures and the people they helped and interacted with. They also represent a core of an important theme of the UGRR movement – biracial cooperation and mutual support. So discover Thomas Garrett, a Wilmington, DE Quaker, William Still, a free born African American business man and notoriously underrated UGRR in Philadelphia, and of course, Harriet Tubman, formerly enslaved woman whose love of her family and friends moved her to conduct dangerous missions back into slave territory to bring away her loved ones, and who used her great intelligence and skills to perfect and utilize this UGRR network to her great advantage.