{"id":3262,"date":"2025-07-24T12:27:31","date_gmt":"2025-07-24T12:27:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/?page_id=3262"},"modified":"2025-07-24T12:28:41","modified_gmt":"2025-07-24T12:28:41","slug":"civil-rights","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/civil-rights\/","title":{"rendered":"Civil Rights"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1><strong data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\">Age of Reckoning: Civil Rights, Then and Now<\/strong><\/h1>\n<div><\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div>\u201cNonviolent<em> direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored. My citing the creation of tension as part of the work of the nonviolent resister may sound rather shocking. But I must confess that I am not afraid of the word \u201ctension.\u201d I have earnestly opposed violent tension, but there is a type of constructive, nonviolent tension which is necessary for growth.\u00a0\u2026 \u00a0The purpose of our direct action program is to create a situation so crisis packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation. I therefore concur with you in your call for negotiation. Too long has our beloved Southland been bogged down in a tragic effort to live in monologue rather than dialogue.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 Martin Luther King, Jr., \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/texts\/martin-luther-king-jr-letter-from-birmingham-jail-1963\/\">Letter from Birmingham Jail,\u201d April 16, 1963<\/a><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/files\/2025\/07\/image.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-3264 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/files\/2025\/07\/image-725x1024.png\" alt=\"MLK with Gandhi\" width=\"525\" height=\"742\" srcset=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/files\/2025\/07\/image-725x1024.png 725w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/files\/2025\/07\/image-213x300.png 213w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/files\/2025\/07\/image-768x1084.png 768w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/files\/2025\/07\/image.png 850w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h1><strong>Dates<\/strong><\/h1>\n<div><\/div>\n<p>1955-1965 (1954-1968)<\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<h1><strong>Methods<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>NAACP Legal Campaign to desegregate schools<\/li>\n<li>Grassroots efforts to integration public facilities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<h1><strong>Amendments and SCOTUS cases<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>First Amendment<\/li>\n<li>Tenth Amendment<\/li>\n<li>Fourteenth Amendment<\/li>\n<li><em>Brown v. Board of Education\u00a0<\/em>(1954) and\u00a0<em>Brown II<\/em>\u00a0(1955)<\/li>\n<li><em>Browder v. Gayle <\/em>(1956)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<h1><strong>MLK and Civil Rights Chronology<\/strong><\/h1>\n<div><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>1955-56: Montgomery Bus Boycott<\/li>\n<li>1957: Founded Southern Christian Leadership Conference<\/li>\n<li>1959: Trip to India<\/li>\n<li>1960: Sit-In Campaign<\/li>\n<li>1962: Albany Campaign<\/li>\n<li>1963: Birmingham Campaign<\/li>\n<li>1964: St. Augustine Campaign, Nobel Peace Prize<\/li>\n<li>1964:\u00a0 Twenty-Fourth Amendment=<\/li>\n<li>1964: Civil Rights Act<\/li>\n<li>1965: Selma March<\/li>\n<li>1965:\u00a0 Voting Rights Act<\/li>\n<li>1966: Poor People\u2019s Campaign<\/li>\n<li>1968: Memphis Campaign, King Assassinated<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Age of Reckoning: Civil Rights, Then and Now \u201cNonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored. My citing the creation &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/civil-rights\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Civil Rights&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3262","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3262","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3262"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3262\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3266,"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3262\/revisions\/3266"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/teagle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3262"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}