{"id":1112,"date":"2019-06-14T16:15:31","date_gmt":"2019-06-14T16:15:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/?p=1112"},"modified":"2025-12-29T15:02:48","modified_gmt":"2025-12-29T15:02:48","slug":"doy-escape","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/doy-escape\/","title":{"rendered":"John Doy&#8217;s Forgotten 1859 Capture and Rescue"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3pdratrBnLo\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/1859-Kansas.pdf\">PRINTABLE NARRATIVE<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>DATELINE:\u00a0 LAWRENCE, JANUARY 25, 1859<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_1168\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1168\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1168\" src=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/DoyAmbush2-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Slave catchers apprehend Doy\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/DoyAmbush2-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/DoyAmbush2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/DoyAmbush2-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/DoyAmbush2-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/DoyAmbush2-624x624.jpg 624w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/DoyAmbush2.jpg 1610w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1168\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Doy and 13 freedom seekers are apprehended by slave catchers, January 25, 1859. (Le Tour du Monde, 5 [1862], HathiTrust)<\/p><\/div>In the early morning hours of January 25, 1859, three white abolitionists, two free blacks and a group of 11 Missouri freedom seekers left Lawrence, Kansas on a dangerous mission. Led by self-anointed \u201cDoctor\u201d John Doy, an Englishman who had recently settled in the Kansas\u00a0 Territory, the African Americans were attempting to reach at least Iowa, where they would be safer from the roving bands of slave catchers and kidnappers that were then terrorizing the territory&#8217;s black residents. Traveling in two covered wagons\u2014one driven by Doy\u2019s 25-year-old son Charles, and the other by 23-year-old Wilbur F. Clough, the son of a local pastor\u2014the group crossed the Kansas River and headed north towards Oskaloosa, Kansas. Leaving nothing to chance, the three women and two children in the group were concealed within the wagons, while Dr. Doy rode on horseback and the eight men walked behind, on lookout for any potential threats. About 12 miles north of Lawrence, Doy believed \u201cthe road was clear,\u201d and directed the men to climb into the wagons \u201cas we had quite a long descent before us, and would go down it at a brisk pace.\u201d [1]<\/p>\n<p>But then suddenly a posse of \u201cten to fifteen men, fully armed and mounted\u201d rushed out from a nearby ravine, ordering the group to halt. Within the covered wagons, the freedom seekers could neither fully see the events unfolding outside, or defend themselves from the approaching slave catchers. When Doy demanded that the armed men produce their \u201cprocess,\u201d or paperwork attesting that those within the wagons were escaped slaves, a Kansas resident named Hiram C. Whitley gruffly pressed his revolver to the Englishman&#8217;s head, and bellowed, \u201cHere it is.\u201d In a matter of hours, the freedom seekers\u2019 trek towards safer soil had been transformed into a horrific ordeal. [2]<\/p>\n<p><strong>STAMPEDE CONTEXT<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While subsequent newspaper accounts did not explicitly label Doy\u2019s group escape from Kansas as a \u201cstampede,\u201d presumably because the actual escapes from Missouri enslavement had occurred in pairs and smaller groups in serial fashion.\u00a0 Yet, in the days and weeks following the larger group&#8217;s capture in Kansas, at least two Missouri papers complained about the growing frequency of slave stampedes along the border. The editors of the St. Louis\u00a0<i><a href=\"https:\/\/chroniclingamerica.loc.gov\/lccn\/sn92053758\/\">Central Christian Advocate<\/a><\/i>\u00a0likely had the recent Doy episode in mind when acknowledging on February 2 that \u201cstampedes of slaves are of frequent occurrence.\u201d [3] Likewise, the St. Louis <i>News <\/i>complained that \u201cslaveholders on the border are beginning to suffer severely from the constantly occurring stampede of slaves.\u201d While not directly mentioning Doy, the paper\u2019s description of a \u201cstampede\u201d closely mirrored the details of the the recent case. Missouri slaves, the paper contended, \u201care enticed in gangs of dozens and scores, by sympathizers, into Kansas, kept concealed in that territory for a time, and then sent toward Canada, through Iowa.\u201d [4]<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-3081 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2021\/06\/HD_brownJ1c_0-2.jpg-last-2.jpg\" alt=\"John Brown, detailed\" width=\"250\" height=\"300\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In December 1858, abolitionist John Brown led a raid into Vernon County, Missouri. (House Divided Project)The capture of Doy&#8217;s group also came at a moment of especially heightened tensions along the Kansas-Missouri border. Just a month earlier, on December 20, 1858, the notorious abolitionist <a href=\"http:\/\/hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu\/node\/5216\">John Brown<\/a>, had led an armed band on a raid into Vernon County, Missouri, that eventually freed 11 enslaved people (twelve, if you count a baby born en route). Yet when the party reached Kansas soil, their progress had initially been slowed by the chilly prairie winter, and they remained near Lawrence, Kansas well into January. [5]<\/p>\n<p>Although a number of free African Americans and freedom seekers had settled near Lawrence by 1859, the frequent forays of kidnappers into Kansas made their status increasingly tenuous. Even as white anti-slavery settlers denounced these \u201chigh-handed crimes\u201d and called for more \u201cenergetic legislation\u201d to protect their African American neighbors, Lawrence\u2019s black residents increasingly were taking matters into their own hands. [6]<\/p>\n<p>Two of these black men from the troubled territory, Wilson Hays, originally from Cincinnati, Ohio, and Charles Smith, from Brownsville, Pennsylvania, worked as cooks at the Eldridge House, a hotel in Lawrence. They probably joined Doy as fellow armed agents helping him with the relocation of the recently enslaved Missourians, or perhaps as part of a general contingent of free blacks seeking refuge in Iowa (as Doy himself later claimed disingenuously in his 1860 memoir). As Hays and Smith left no accounts offering their own perspectives, the truth remains uncertain. [7]<\/p>\n<p><strong>MAIN NARRATIVE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Regardless, the main body of the group consisted of 11 escaped slaves, including 10 from western Missouri a<a href=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/STAMPEDE-MAP-1859-Doy-Origins.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-3348 \" src=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/STAMPEDE-MAP-1859-Doy-Origins-222x300.jpg\" alt=\"stampede map\" width=\"241\" height=\"326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/STAMPEDE-MAP-1859-Doy-Origins-222x300.jpg 222w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/STAMPEDE-MAP-1859-Doy-Origins.jpg 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 241px) 100vw, 241px\" \/><\/a>nd one from Leavenworth, Kansas on the border. At least six of the freedom seekers were from Kansas City and the surrounding area: Dan Bright, Ben Logan, Bill Riley, Abe Robey, Catherine West, and an unidentified child. Another enslaved woman, Melinda Wilson, hailed from nearby Clay County, Missouri, while the wife of Bill Riley (whose name was not recorded) came from farther east in Lexington, Missouri. Elsewhere, a man named\u00a0Dick Newman had fled bondage from nearby Weston, Missouri, while Ranson Winston had escaped from St. Clair County, some distance to the south. The group was rounded out by Mary Russell, an enslaved woman who had escaped from Leavenworth, Kansas. The English-born Doy had spent several years in Rochester, New York, before relocating to Kansas. Regarded as a man of &#8220;considerable intelligence,&#8221; Doy was also a watercure (hydropathy) practitioner, and after settling in Kansas during the mid-1850s, he began signing his name &#8220;John Doy M.D.&#8221; [8]<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1247\" style=\"width: 227px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/HD_JohnDoyKansas.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1247\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1247\" src=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/HD_JohnDoyKansas-217x300.jpg\" alt=\"Doy photo\" width=\"217\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/HD_JohnDoyKansas-217x300.jpg 217w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/HD_JohnDoyKansas.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 217px) 100vw, 217px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1247\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A detail of abolitionist John Doy, 1859. (Kansas Memory)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>In agreeing to help conduct the group to safety, Doy was also relying upon a verbal agreement with John Brown that the two groups of freedom seekers would set off together, sharing an &#8220;escort&#8221; of about ten armed men. However, the plan quickly went awry. Despite Doy\u2019s \u201cearnest remonstrances,\u201d Brown demurred on his original promise, insisting that he needed \u201cthe whole of the escort\u201d to protect his own group, especially after Missouri\u2019s infuriated governor placed a $3,000 reward on his head. According to Doy, a remorseful Brown later expressed his regret over the decision, which left Doy&#8217;s group completely unprotected. [9]<\/p>\n<p>Quickly overwhelmed on January 25th, Doy&#8217;s group had little choice but to surrender when the band of slave catchers suddenly encircled their two wagons on the road north of Lawrence. With pistols drawn, the slave catchers tied up the freedom seekers \u201cone by one,\u201d before turning the wagons around and beating a hasty retreat for Missouri soil. Passing near Easton and Leavenworth, the Doy entourage was taken at gunpoint to the Rialto Ferry, and then across the Missouri River to Weston, Missouri. Once\u00a0on the Missouri shore, they were pilloried and jeered by a raucous pro-slavery mob. Doy, forced to ride through the crowd on horseback, recalled that \u201cmy coat was nearly torn from my back; the skirts and sleeves were rent in pieces, and divided among the mob as relics of a \u2018live abolitionist.\u2019\u201d While Doy listened to the deafening chants of \u201cHang him!\u201d echoing through the air, the 13 black men, women and children were placed in a wagon and driven to a building in Weston, where they were held for the night. [10]<\/p>\n<p>Although Clough, one of the white abolitionists who had driven the second wagon, was soon released, after two nights in Weston, Doy and his son were removed to a jail in nearby Platte City. In a letter penned to a Lawrence newspaper, Doy vividly described the conditions of the windowless, \u201ciron box, or metallic coffin, in which we eat, sleep, and are shown to persons, who, with a candle, take a view of the \u2018two live Abolitionists.\u2019\u201d [11]<a href=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/STAMPEDE-MAP-1859-Doy-Escape-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-3342 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/STAMPEDE-MAP-1859-Doy-Escape-1024x827.jpg\" alt=\"stampede map\" width=\"625\" height=\"505\" srcset=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/STAMPEDE-MAP-1859-Doy-Escape-1024x827.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/STAMPEDE-MAP-1859-Doy-Escape-300x242.jpg 300w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/STAMPEDE-MAP-1859-Doy-Escape-768x620.jpg 768w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/STAMPEDE-MAP-1859-Doy-Escape-1536x1240.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/STAMPEDE-MAP-1859-Doy-Escape-2048x1654.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/STAMPEDE-MAP-1859-Doy-Escape-624x504.jpg 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Yet while Doy suffered in a Missouri prison, the African Americans captured with him faced an even worse fate. Elated at the capture of Doy\u2019s group, the Weston <i>Argus<\/i> had published an extra edition on January 26 to chronicle \u201cthe most gallant achievement and effective vindication of our rights ever since the war upon slave property has been inaugurated.\u201d Denying agency to the 13 freedom seekers, the <i>Argus<\/i> asserted that they had been \u201cstolen\u201d by \u201cthree white conductors,\u201d who were now in custody. The paper published the names and descriptions of 10 African Americans, identifying the alleged slaveholders of 8 of the captives. [12]<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1204\" style=\"width: 337px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-18-at-12.24.28-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1204\" class=\"wp-image-1204 \" src=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-18-at-12.24.28-PM-300x188.png\" alt=\"capture notice newspaper\" width=\"327\" height=\"205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-18-at-12.24.28-PM-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-18-at-12.24.28-PM-624x391.png 624w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-18-at-12.24.28-PM.png 647w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 327px) 100vw, 327px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1204\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Weston, MO Argus trumpeted the capture of Doy and the 13 freedom seekers in an extra edition printed on January 26, 1859. (The Liberator, February 18, 1859)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>From the two free African Americans seized with the group\u2014Wilson Hays and Charles Smith\u2014Doy learned that the other freedom seekers \u201chad been taken away forcibly or prevailed on to choose masters.\u201d Most, it appears, were sold to the Deep South within days of the group&#8217;s capture. The \u201cthirteen negroes recently captured,\u201d reported a St. Louis paper, were placed on board a steamboat \u201cbound for the New Orleans market, a point that has no connection with the Underground Railroad\u2014as yet.\u201d And even though Hays and Smith continued to insist that they were free, on February 3 the slave catcher Jake Hurd entered the Platte City jail and \u201cwhipped them most unmercifully to make them confess that they were slaves.\u201d Unable to extract a confession, Hurd and another man, George Robbins, nonetheless handcuffed the two men and took them to Independence, Missouri. While Smith managed to escape and apparently returned home to Pennsylvania, Hays was reportedly sold for $1,000. [13]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-21-at-12.37.15-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1332 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-21-at-12.37.15-PM.png\" alt=\"timeline doy\" width=\"968\" height=\"610\" srcset=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-21-at-12.37.15-PM.png 968w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-21-at-12.37.15-PM-300x189.png 300w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-21-at-12.37.15-PM-768x484.png 768w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-21-at-12.37.15-PM-624x393.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 968px) 100vw, 968px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Another freedom seeker, 35-year-old Bill Riley, also made a successful break for freedom.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Imprisoned in the Platte County jail along with Doy, Riley took hold of a fireplace poker from a nearby stove and succeeded in \u201cburning out an iron bar from the logs in which it was fastened across the window.\u201d Doy and his son were &#8220;shut up in an iron cage within the general enclosure,&#8221; and could not join Riley in his escape. After walking 10 miles, Riley reached the Missouri River, where he utilized the \u201cfloating cakes of ice\u201d left by the frigid February weather to reach a small island the middle of the river, hiding \u201cin the young cottonwoods\u201d for two days and nights. After another dash over the \u201crunning ice\u201d to the Kansas shore, Riley trod the remaining \u201c35 or 40 miles\u201d to Lawrence, where he arrived on February 23, making contact with local abolitionists who helped to conceal him. [14]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>In the meantime, Doy was bracing for the legal consequences. His lawyers managed to move the site of the impending trial to St. Joseph, Missouri, where they hoped to draw a more impartial jury. The initial trial in late March resulted in a hung jury or mistrial, and Missouri prosecutors subsequently released Charles Doy. However, authorities continued with their efforts to convict the elder Doy, and succeeded at a second trial held in June 1859. Doy was then convicted of \u201cseducing\u201d one of the freedom seekers, Dick Newman, and sentenced to five years of hard labor. Prosecutors claimed that Doy had actually crossed the border into Missouri and &#8220;abducted&#8221; Dick. Doy&#8217;s defense countered that Dick had a pass from his slaveholder permitting him to attend a dance in Kansas. Dick, who when captured &#8220;had nothing with him but a bundle of clothing and his wife&#8217;s miniature with a lock of her hair,&#8221; was not allowed to testify under Missouri law. [15]<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 622px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu\/files\/styles\/image_page_view\/public\/images\/HD_StJosephMO1861.jpg?itok=asbaUs-M\" alt=\"St. Joseph engraving\" width=\"612\" height=\"331\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">St. Joseph, Missouri in 1861. (House Divided Project)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>While Doy filed an appeal, a contingent of Lawrence abolitionists decided to take matters into their own hands. On July 23, as Doy awaited transportation to the state penitentiary in Jefferson, a Kansas man named Silas S. Soule visited the beleaguered abolitionist, slipping him a note that simply read, \u201cBe ready at midnight.\u201d Soule was part of a group of 10 Kansas abolitionists (including Charles Doy), who by that evening had stealthily moved into St. Joseph. As promised, around midnight two men arrived at the jail, under the guise of locking up a horse thief, who appeared to be shackled at the wrists. Yet when the jailer allowed them to enter, the purported horse thief suddenly \u201cfreed his wrists from his bonds,\u201d while another man aimed a revolver at the jailer\u2019s chest. \u201cWe\u2019ve come to take Dr. Doy home to Kansas, and we mean to do it,\u201d one of the abolitionists bellowed out. \u201cSo you\u2019d best be quiet.\u201d Two days later, on July 25, the group arrived back in Lawrence to a triumphant reception. [16]<\/p>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_1173\" style=\"width: 1110px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/DoyPrison1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1173\" class=\"wp-image-1173 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/DoyPrison1.jpg\" alt=\"Doy prison rescue\" width=\"1100\" height=\"705\" srcset=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/DoyPrison1.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/DoyPrison1-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/DoyPrison1-768x492.jpg 768w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/DoyPrison1-1024x656.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/DoyPrison1-624x400.jpg 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1173\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Abolitionists from Lawrence, KS, rescue John Doy from his prison cell in St. Joseph, MO. (Le Tour du Monde, 5 [1862], HathiTrust)<\/p><\/div><div id=\"attachment_1193\" style=\"width: 306px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-18-at-11.49.48-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1193\" class=\"wp-image-1193\" src=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-18-at-11.49.48-AM-268x300.png\" alt=\"Whitley engraving\" width=\"296\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-18-at-11.49.48-AM-268x300.png 268w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-18-at-11.49.48-AM.png 601w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 296px) 100vw, 296px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1193\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A free-stater, Hiram C. Whitley had joined the group of kidnappers and put a revolver to Doy&#8217;s head during the capture of his group on January 25, 1859. (Andreas, History of Kansas [1883], HathiTrust)<\/p><\/div>Although Doy\u2019s safe return was a source of celebration amongst Lawrence\u2019s tightly knit abolitionist community, many were convinced that Doy had been \u201cbetrayed by a professed friend,\u201d resulting in the group\u2019s capture back in January. [17] \u201cThere were only ten men who knew when these people were to start,\u201d noted Mary Brown, the daughter of a Lawrence pastor, \u201cone of those ten must have told the Missourians all about their plans.\u201d [18] Hiram Whitely, the Kansas man who had aimed a revolver at Doy, was suspected of having masterminded the betrayal. After skipping town, Whitley made the mistake of returning to Lawrence in August 1859, where he was spotted on the street by Doy and forced to give his own confession at gunpoint. In a surprising turn, Whitley then implicated a New Hampshire emigrant named J.J. Hussey, a former Free State advocate who had fallen on hard times and collaborated with the Missourians in exchange for a reward. It was Hussey who had apparently enlisted the help of Whitley and James Garvin, Lawrence\u2019s Democratic postmaster, and tipped off the slave catchers as to the route of Doy\u2019s party. [19]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-19-at-11.29.49-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1268 \" src=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-19-at-11.29.49-AM.png\" alt=\"pull quote\" width=\"383\" height=\"133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-19-at-11.29.49-AM.png 802w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-19-at-11.29.49-AM-300x104.png 300w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-19-at-11.29.49-AM-768x267.png 768w, https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-19-at-11.29.49-AM-624x217.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 383px) 100vw, 383px\" \/><\/a>Throughout the polarized nation, the reaction to Doy&#8217;s dramatic rescue was mixed. With sectional attitudes over slavery hardening, many Northern newspapers greeted Doy&#8217;s deliverance with ecstatic headlines.\u00a0&#8220;Never was a man more unfairly convicted and unjustly sentenced that Dr. Doy,&#8221; concluded the Cleveland\u00a0<em>Leader<\/em>, predicting that &#8220;his rescue from the fangs of slavery will gratify many.&#8221; [20] \u00a0Yet such sentiments were by no means unanimous, with the\u00a0<em>Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>\u00a0condemning the &#8220;feeling of gratification&#8221; at the escape of a &#8220;convicted felon.&#8221; [21]\u00a0Meanwhile, Missouri papers such as the Hannibal\u00a0<em>Messenger<\/em> fumed at the escape of &#8220;the negro thief.&#8221; [22] While no retaliation or punishment ever materialized for the rescuers, a Kansan named Joseph Gardner, later feared for his safety. Writing in May 1860, Gardner reported rumors that a group of Missourians were plotting &#8220;to come and make war upon my house,&#8221; after learning that &#8220;one of the Doy rescuers is harboring fugitives.&#8221; [23]<\/p>\n<p><strong>AFTERMATH AND LEGACY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Later, in the aftermath of John Brown&#8217;s ill-fated Harpers Ferry raid in October 1859, many newspapers drew connections between Doy and Brown. While noting that the rescue of Doy was still &#8220;so fresh in the recollection of all readers,&#8221; an Indiana paper incorrectly but confidently concluded that Brown had been behind the daring rescue of his one-time associate. [24] Moreover, the memory of Doy&#8217;s months-old rescue led many to speculate that a similar effort was in the works to save Brown from the noose. In November 1859, r<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">umors swirled that Doy himself was rounding up a posse &#8220;for the purpose of rescuing Old Brown from prison.&#8221; Ultimately, no such feat was undertaken, and the famous abolitionist was hanged in December. [25]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>While Doy went on to publish his <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=wPypAqnFwLsC&amp;dq=john%20doy%20narrative&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Narrative<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>(1860), vividly describing his imprisonment and rescue, the fate of the freedom seekers who accompanied him remains unclear. While<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">\u00a0most of the 13 African American men, women and children captured with Doy likely found themselves on the much-dreaded journey down the Mississippi to New Orleans, at least two men managed to escape this fate. Charles Smith, the free African American cook from Pennsylvania,\u00a0<\/span>apparently<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">\u00a0escaped and returned home. [26]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Bill Riley also escaped in mid-February, though the 35-year-old freedom seeker remained apprehensive about the fate of his wife, whom he suspected had been returned to her slaveholder in Lexington, Missouri. Riley and his wife had escaped bondage in Missouri around September 1858. They joined Doy&#8217;s group in hopes of reaching \u201ca freer soil in British dominion,&#8221; in the words of Lawrence abolitionist Ephraim Nute, who sheltered the freedom seeker. While Nute helped Riley move to another safe location later in March 1859, it was without his wife. For Riley, his hard-fought freedom had come at a terrible cost. [27]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>In the months after his dramatic rescue, Doy, now a fugitive himself, settled in Battle Creek, Michigan. After Missouri abolished slavery in January 1865, Missouri&#8217;s Republican Governor Thomas Fletcher officially pardoned the fugitive abolitionist on February 11, 1865. Yet it would not be Doy&#8217;s last brush with the law. In 1869, the self-anointed doctor was convicted of carrying out an abortion on a woman in Battle Creek. Facing jail time, Doy allegedly consumed a &#8220;large dose of morphine.&#8221; The former abolitionist was found lifeless in his bed on the morning of June 8, 1869, his death widely reported as a suicide. [28]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>FURTHER READING<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Doy published his own <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=wPypAqnFwLsC&amp;dq=john%20doy%20narrative&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><em>Narrative<\/em><\/a> (1860) detailing his capture and rescue, and James B. Abbott, leader of the 10-man rescue party, later gave a <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/collections04kansuoft\/page\/312\">widely reprinted address<\/a> about the incident. Doy&#8217;s account is not entirely credible, however, since he claims repeatedly that all of the African Americans in his entourage were free, not enslaved. As the case unfolded in 1859, both Kansas and Missouri newspapers devoted considerable space in their columns to covering the failed escape and subsequent rescue, especially the Lawrence\u00a0<em>Republican\u00a0<\/em>(Newspapers.com). Correspondence between Lawrence abolitionists concerning their reactions to Doy&#8217;s capture and rescue, as well as information about the fate of freedom seeker Bill Riley, is available through <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kansasmemory.org\/category\/4721\">Kansas Memory<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Recent scholarship has also touched on Doy&#8217;s capture and rescue. In her work <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">On Slavery&#8217;s Border<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">\u00a0(2010),\u00a0Diane Mutti Burke places the Doy case in the context of other &#8220;slave-stealing&#8221; episodes dating back to the early 1840s, arguing that by casting blame on white abolitionists as the instigators of slave escapes, Missouri slaveholders could avoid grappling with the reality of enslaved peoples&#8217; discontent and innate desire for freedom. Lowell Soike&#8217;s\u00a0<\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Busy in the Cause<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"> (2014) focuses on the recurring and often violent clashes over slavery in the region, spotlighting Brown&#8217;s 1858 raid into Vernon County, Missouri, and linking that episode with Doy&#8217;s subsequent capture. Kristen Epps&#8217;s\u00a0<\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Slavery on\u00a0the Periphery\u00a0<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">(2016) instead emphasizes the porous nature of the Kansas-Missouri border, observing that all of the freedom seekers Doy attempted to lead to safety had already crossed the border into Kansas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>ADDITIONAL IMAGES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 33%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-1112 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/doy-escape\/screen-shot-2019-06-18-at-2-07-38-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-18-at-2.07.38-PM-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"newspaper article\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1240\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1240'>\n\t\t\t\tWakarusa, KS Herald of Freedom, January 29, 1859\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/doy-escape\/screen-shot-2019-06-18-at-2-08-24-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-18-at-2.08.24-PM-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"doy article\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1239\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1239'>\n\t\t\t\tLawrence, KS Republican, February 17, 1859\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/doy-escape\/screen-shot-2019-06-18-at-11-43-26-am\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-18-at-11.43.26-AM-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"stampede article\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1189\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1189'>\n\t\t\t\tChambersburg, PA Franklin Repository, February 23, 1859\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/doy-escape\/screen-shot-2019-06-18-at-11-43-03-am\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-18-at-11.43.03-AM-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"stampede article\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1190\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1190'>\n\t\t\t\tSt. Louis Central Christian Advocate, quoted in Chicago Tribune, February 9, 1859\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/doy-escape\/screen-shot-2019-06-18-at-2-14-35-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-18-at-2.14.35-PM-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Nute letter\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1242\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1242'>\n\t\t\t\tLawrence abolitionist records the escape of Bill Riley. (Kansas Memory)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/doy-escape\/doyrescue\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Doyrescue-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Doy photo\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1198\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1198'>\n\t\t\t\tJohn Doy (seated) and his rescuers in late 1859. (Kansas Memory)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/doy-escape\/le-tour-du-monde-nouveau-journal-des-voyages-publie-sous-la-direction-de-m-edouard-charton-et-illustre-par-nos-plus-celebres-artistes-3\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/DoyHeadshot-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Doy headshot\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1199\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1199'>\n\t\t\t\tDetail of John Doy, while a prisoner. (Le Tour du Monde 5 [1862], HathiTrust)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/doy-escape\/le-tour-du-monde-nouveau-journal-des-voyages-publie-sous-la-direction-de-m-edouard-charton-et-illustre-par-nos-plus-celebres-artistes-5\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/DoyAmbush1-1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"slave catcher ambush\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1260\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1260'>\n\t\t\t\tDoy&#8217;s group is ambushed by slave catchers. (Le Tour du Monde, 5 [1862] HathiTrust)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/doy-escape\/screen-shot-2019-06-19-at-3-26-59-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-19-at-3.26.59-PM-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"census document\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1283\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1283'>\n\t\t\t\tCharles Smith, free black captive, 1850 Census. (Ancestry)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/doy-escape\/screen-shot-2019-06-19-at-3-32-29-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-19-at-3.32.29-PM-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"slave schedules\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1285\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1285'>\n\t\t\t\tRanson Winston, likely listed as 25-year-old black male, 1850 US Census Slave Schedules. (Ancestry)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/doy-escape\/screen-shot-2019-06-20-at-8-52-24-am\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/files\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-20-at-8.52.24-AM-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"expenses list\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1291\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1291'>\n\t\t\t\tList of expenses incurred during the Doy Rescue. (Kansas Memory)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl>\n\t\t\t<br style='clear: both' \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p><strong>ENDNOTES<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0Julia Louisa Lovejoy to Mr. Editor, February 28, 1859, in \u201cLetters of Julia Louisa Lovejoy, 1856-1864,\u201d <i>The Kansas Historical Quarterly<\/i> 16, no. 1 (February 1948): 48-53;\u00a0John Doy, <i>The Narrative of John Doy, of Lawrence, Kansas<\/i>\u00a0(New York: Thomas Holman, 1860), 23-24, [<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=wPypAqnFwLsC&amp;dq=narrative%20john%20doy&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">WEB<\/a>];\u00a0Lowell J. Soike, <i>Busy in the Cause: Iowa, the Free-State Struggle in the West, and the Prelude to the Civil War\u00a0<\/i>(Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2014), 102-103;\u00a01850 U.S. Census, Wakarusa, Township, Douglas County, Kansas, Family 408, Ancestry.<\/p>\n<p>[2] Doy,\u00a0<em>Narrative<\/em>, 25-26;\u00a0\u201cFrom Our Kidnapped Friends in Missouri,\u201d Lawrence <i>Republican<\/i>, February 17, 1859; Mary Brown to William Brown, January 30, 1859, Kansas Memory, [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kansasmemory.org\/item\/3399\">WEB<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u201cMissouri and Slavery,\u201d St. Louis <i>Central Christian Advocate<\/i>, February 2, 1859, quoted in Chicago <i>Tribune<\/i>, February 9, 1859.<\/p>\n<p>[4]\u00a0St. Louis <i>News<\/i>, quoted in Chambersburg, PA\u00a0<i>Franklin Repository<\/i>, February 23, 1859.<\/p>\n<p>[5]\u00a0Epps, 125, 129-132; Soike, <em>Busy in the<\/em> <em>Cause<\/em>,\u00a095-104.<\/p>\n<p>[6] \u201cKidnapping a Felony,\u201d Lawrence <i>Republican<\/i>, January 20, 1859; Doy, <em>Narrative<\/em>,\u00a023, 126;\u00a0Soike, <i>Busy in the Cause<\/i>, 102.<\/p>\n<p>[7]\u00a0Doy, <em>Narrative<\/em>,\u00a023, 126;\u00a0David Fiske, <i>Solomon Northrup\u2019s Kindred: The Kidnapping of Free Citizens Before the Civil War<\/i>\u00a0(Santa Barbara, CA Praeger, 2016),<i> <\/i>80-81; Kristen Epps, <i>Slavery on the Periphery: The Kansas-Missouri Border in the Antebellum and Civil War Eras<\/i>\u00a0(Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2016), 140-141.<\/p>\n<p>[8]\u00a0Soike, <em>Busy in the Cause<\/em>,\u00a0100-102; Doy, <em>Narrative<\/em>, 123;\u00a0\u201cThirteen Negroes Captured in Kansas,\u201d Weston, MO <i>Argus<\/i>, January 26, 1859, quoted in <i>The Liberator<\/i>, February 18, 1859; Lovejoy to Mr. Editor, February 28, 1859, in \u201cLetters of Julia Louisa Lovejoy, 1856-1864,\u201d 49-52; John Doy to Strong, October 19, 1854, Kansas Memory, [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kansasmemory.org\/item\/1775\">WEB<\/a>]; &#8220;Dr. Doy of Kansas,&#8221; <em>New York Times<\/em>, March 18, 1859, [<a href=\"http:\/\/hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu\/node\/23464\">WEB<\/a>];\u00a0\u201cWho and What is John Doy?,\u201d St. Joseph, MO <i>Weekly West<\/i>, July 31, 1859; Ephraim Nute to Unidentified, February 14, 1859, Kansas Memory, [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kansasmemory.org\/item\/4933\">WEB<\/a>]; Nute to Franklin B. Sanborn, March 22, 1859, Kansas Memory, [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kansasmemory.org\/item\/5287\">WEB<\/a>]; Soike, <i>Busy in the Cause<\/i>, 102; Harriet C. Frazier, <em>Runaway and Freed Missouri Slaves and Those Who Helped Them, 1763-1865<\/em> (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2004), 152-159, <a href=\"https:\/\/stampedes.dickinson.edu\/document\/glasgow-mo-weekly-times-negro-stampede-november-17-1859\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[WEB]<\/a>; David S. Reynolds, <em>John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights<\/em>, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 280.<\/p>\n<p>[9] Doy, <em>Narrative<\/em>, 123; Epps, <em>Slavery on the<\/em> <em>Periphery<\/em>, 140-141;\u00a0also see Diane Mutti Burke,\u00a0<em>On Slavery&#8217;s Border: Missouri&#8217;s Small Slaveholding Households, 1815-1865<\/em>\u00a0(Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2010), 176-177.<\/p>\n<p>[10] Doy,\u00a0<em>Narrative<\/em>, 27-42.<\/p>\n<p>[11]\u00a0\u201cFrom Our Kidnapped Friends in Missouri,\u201d Lawrence <i>Republican<\/i>, February 17, 1859.<\/p>\n<p>[12]\u00a0\u201cThirteen Negroes Captured in Kansas,\u201d Weston, MO <i>Argus<\/i>, January 26, 1859, quoted in <i>The Liberator<\/i>, February 18, 1859.<\/p>\n<p>[13]\u00a0Doy, <em>Narrative<\/em>, 50-52; St. Louis <i>Democrat<\/i>, quoted in Nashville <i>Union and American<\/i>, February 10, 1859; Nute to Unidentified, February 14, 1859, Kansas Memory, [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kansasmemory.org\/item\/4933\">WEB<\/a>]; \u201cFrom Kansas,\u201d <i>New York Times<\/i>, September 2, 1859;<i> <\/i>Fiske, <i>Solomon Northrup\u2019s Kindred<\/i>, 80-82.<\/p>\n<p>[14]\u00a0Nute to Unidentified, February 24, 1859, Kansas Memory, [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kansasmemory.org\/item\/4980\">WEB<\/a>]; Nute to Franklin B. Sanborn, March 22, 1859, Kansas Memory, [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kansasmemory.org\/item\/5287\">WEB<\/a>]; Doy, <em>Narrative<\/em>,\u00a052-53; Epps, <i>Slavery on the Periphery<\/i>, 129.<\/p>\n<p>[15] Doy,\u00a0<em>Narrative<\/em>, 76-77, 88-89, 105-107; &#8220;The Trial of Dr. Doy and Son at St. Joseph,&#8221; Chicago\u00a0<em>Tribune<\/em>, March 31, 1859, [NEWSPAPERS.COM]; &#8220;The Doy Trial at St. Joseph,&#8221; Chicago\u00a0<em>Tribune<\/em>, April 1, 1859, [NEWSPAPERS.COM]; Frazier,\u00a0<em>Runaway and Freed Missouri Slaves<\/em>, 157.<\/p>\n<p>[16] Doy,\u00a0<em>Narrative<\/em>, 107-115;\u00a0James B. Abbott, \u201cThe Rescue of Dr. John W. Doy,\u201d in <i>Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society <\/i>4 (1888): 312-323, [<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/collections04kansuoft\/page\/312\">WEB<\/a>]; &#8220;Dr. Doy and His Rescuers,&#8221; St. Joseph, MO\u00a0<em>Herald<\/em>, February 11, 1883; &#8220;Rescue of Dr. Doy,&#8221; Lawrence, KS\u00a0<em>Journal<\/em>, July 20, 1907.<\/p>\n<p>[17] Nute to Unidentified, February 14, 1859, Kansas Memory, [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kansasmemory.org\/item\/4933\">WEB<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>[18]\u00a0Mary Brown to William Brown, January 30, 1859, Kansas Memory, [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kansasmemory.org\/item\/3399\">WEB<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>[19]\u00a0\u201cFrom Kansas,\u201d <i>New York Times<\/i>, September 2, 1859;<i> <\/i>Doy, <em>Narrative<\/em>,\u00a026, 124-126; Whitley later headed the Secret Service under the Grant administration from 1869-1875. See A.T. Andreas, <i>History of the State of Kansas<\/i>\u00a0(Chicago: A.T. Andreas, 1883), 862.<\/p>\n<p>[20]\u00a0&#8220;Rescue of Dr. Doy&#8211;Particulars,&#8221; Cleveland <em>Leader<\/em>, July 27, 1859.<\/p>\n<p>[21] &#8220;Rejoicing over the Escape of a Convicted Felon,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, August 2, 1859.<\/p>\n<p>[22]\u00a0&#8220;John Doy Rescued from the St. Joseph Jail,&#8221; Hannibal\u00a0<em>Messenger<\/em>, July 27, 1859.<\/p>\n<p>[23] Joseph Gardner to George L. Stearns, May 29, 1860, Kansas Memory, [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kansasmemory.org\/item\/90596\">WEB<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>[24] &#8220;The Late Movements of Ossawatomie Brown,&#8221; New Albany, IN <em>Daily Ledger<\/em>, October 27, 1859.<\/p>\n<p>[25]\u00a0<em style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Cincinnati Commercial<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">, quoted in &#8220;Proposed Rescue of Old Brown,&#8221;\u00a0Alexandria, VA\u00a0<\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Gazette<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">, November, 11, 1859.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[26] Doy,\u00a0<em>Narrative<\/em>, 50-52;\u00a0St. Louis <i>Democrat<\/i>, quoted in Nashville <i>Union and American<\/i>, February 10, 1859; Nute to Unidentified, February 14, 1859; \u201cFrom Kansas,\u201d <i>New York Times<\/i>, September 2, 1859;<i> <\/i>Fiske, <i>Solomon Northrup\u2019s Kindred<\/i>, 80-82<\/p>\n<p>[27] Nute to Unidentified, February 24, 1859, Kansas Memory, [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kansasmemory.org\/item\/4980\">WEB<\/a>]; Nute to Franklin B. Sanborn, March 22, 1859, Kansas Memory, [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kansasmemory.org\/item\/5287\">WEB<\/a>]; Doy, <em>Narrative<\/em>,\u00a052-53; Epps, <i>Slavery on the Periphery<\/i>, 129.<\/p>\n<p>[28]\u00a0\u201cOur Missouri Letter,\u201d Chicago <i>Tribune<\/i>, February 18, 1865; &#8220;Michigan,&#8221; Chicago\u00a0<em>Tribune<\/em>, June 9, 1869; &#8220;Suicide,&#8221; Lawrence, KS\u00a0<em>Journal<\/em>, June 17, 1869; Paola, KS\u00a0<em>Miami County Advertiser<\/em>, June 19, 1869; &#8220;Dr. Doy Dead and Buried,&#8221; Topeka, KS\u00a0<em>Kansas Weekly Commonwealth<\/em>, February 24, 1870; Find A Grave, [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findagrave.com\/memorial\/15333081\/john-doy\">WEB<\/a>].<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PRINTABLE NARRATIVE DATELINE:\u00a0 LAWRENCE, JANUARY 25, 1859 In the early morning hours of January 25, 1859, three white abolitionists, two free blacks and a group of 11 Missouri freedom seekers left Lawrence, Kansas on a dangerous mission. Led by self-anointed \u201cDoctor\u201d John Doy, an Englishman who had recently settled in the Kansas\u00a0 Territory, the African [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":102,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21282],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1112","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mo-narratives"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1112","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/102"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1112"}],"version-history":[{"count":109,"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1112\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1315,"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1112\/revisions\/1315"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1112"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1112"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/stampedes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1112"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}